Integral composite structural material

ABSTRACT

The present invention is an integral composite structural (ICS) material comprising an open metal structure having at least one external side and internal surfaces defining a plurality of open shapes with a ceramic matrix composite bonded to at least one external side and the surfaces of at least a substantial portion of the plurality of open shapes and occupying at least a substantial portion of the plurality of open shapes. The open metal structure, independent of the ceramic matrix composite, has a total metal volume percent in the range of about 10% to about 90%, with no dimension of any open shape being greater than about ¾ inch. The ceramic matrix layer covers a substantial portion of at least one external side of the open metal structure. At least one external side of the metal portion of the ICS material is bonded with a ceramic matrix composite such that the ceramic layer occupies at least a significant portion of the open pores of the metal portion and is bonded to a significant portion of at least one external side of the metal element. The present invention is also a method of manufacturing such an ICS material.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to composite materials, and moreparticularly, to an integral composite structural material.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Currently engine components, in most instances, are fabricated withmetallic materials with some substitution of ceramics or ceramic matrixcomposite materials (CMC's). Metallic materials, particularlyiron-based, cobalt-based, and nickel-based superalloys have highstrengths and good elastic moduli, which lead to excellent straincapabilities and damage tolerances within their useful temperatureregime. The useful temperature regime for a superalloy changes withcomposition. Additionally, engine environments as well as operationaland structural requirements further define the useful temperature regimefor a superalloy. At high temperatures, or temperatures above thesuperalloy's useful temperature regime, the metal material begins toexhibit significantly reduced elastic moduli. These metallic materialslose their structural capabilities as they either oxidize or exhibitmore plastic-like behavior. In addition, metallic materials arerelatively dense in comparison to other materials such as ceramics orCMC's.

Uncooled engine components in and aft of the combustor can reachtemperatures in excess of 3000° F. (1650° C.), which is significantlyabove the temperature where iron-based, cobalt-based and/or nickel-basedsuperalloys can be used. Cooling passages are generally incorporatedwithin the materials to reduce the bulk temperature of these components.In addition, ceramic thermal barrier coatings are applied to the surfaceof such metallic components in order to enhance the temperaturecapabilities or structural performance of such components.

Use of ceramics and/or ceramic composite materials in the form of hightemperature operating articles, such as components for power generatingapparatus including automotive engines, gas turbines, etc., isattractive based on the light weight and strength at high temperaturesof certain ceramics. However, monolithic ceramic structures, withoutreinforcement, are brittle. Without assistance from additionalincorporated, reinforcing structures, such members may not meetreliability requirements for such strenuous use. In an attempt toovercome that deficiency, certain fracture resistant ceramic matrixcomposites have been created. These ceramic matrix composite materialshave incorporated fibers of various size and types, for example longfibers or filaments, short or chopped fibers, whiskers, fibers arrangedunidirectionally, fibers oriented in two directions (woven) etc. All ofthese types are referred to for simplicity herein as “fibers”. Somefibers have been coated, for example with carbon, boron nitride, orother materials, applied to prevent adverse reactions from occurring atthe interface between the reinforcement fiber and matrix. Inclusion ofsuch fibers within the ceramic matrix was made to improve brittlefracture behavior of the material.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,488,017 and 5,601,674, which are assigned to theAssignee of the present invention, and which are incorporated herein byreference, describe an environmentally stable, fiber reinforced ceramicmatrix composite member comprising oxidation stable reinforcing fibers,for example ceramic fibers, and a matrix interspersed about the fibers,which are known in the art. As used herein, “oxidation stable” inrespect to fibers means fibers that substantially will not experiencesubstantial oxidation and/or environmental degradation, at intendedoperating conditions of temperature and atmosphere, such as air. Thematrix is a mixture including ceramic particles bonded together with aceramic phase. The ceramic particles and the ceramic may be the samematerial, or different materials.

In the manufacture of such oxidation stable ceramic matrix compositematerials, a slurry comprising a polymer substance, which transformsupon heating to yield a ceramic phase, and ceramic particles, are mixedin a liquid vehicle to form a substantially uniform distribution in amatrix mixture slurry. This slurry is interspersed about the oxidationstable fibers, as a matrix mixture, to provide an element, which ispre-impregnated with a matrix precursor, otherwise known as a “prepreg”element. Such a prepreg element (or a plurality of prepreg elements) ismolded under the influence of heat and pressure to form a prepregpreform, which is a polymer matrix composite precursor member that isreadily handled. The preform is subsequently heated in an oxidizingatmosphere, such as air, at a second processing temperature, at least atthe temperature required to transform the polymer substance to a ceramicphase and less than that which will result in degradation of ceramicfibers in the preform. Such temperature can be in the range of about600° C. to about 1400° C., (1100° F.-2550° F.) depending on the natureof the reinforcing fibers. Such heating transforms the polymersubstance, such as by decomposition, to a ceramic phase, which bondstogether the ceramic particles from the slurry into a ceramic matrixabout the fibers. Because components of this reinforced, ceramic matrixcomposite member are stabilized in an oxidizing atmosphere, preferablybeing substantially all ceramic oxides bonded together, the member isenvironmentally stable. Because the matrix contains a controlled amountof porosity, which effectively controls the strength of the matrix andthe strength of the bond between the reinforcing fibers and the matrix,the member exhibits both high strength and high resistance to fracture.Further background on the use of consolidation shrinkable discontinuousshrinkable material is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,554, assigned to theAssignee of the present invention and which is incorporated herein byreference.

Such ceramic matrix composite materials are lightweight in comparison tometal alloys and do not exhibit environmental degradation at hightemperatures, especially oxide-based ceramic or ceramic compositematerials. However, such materials are still prone to reliability issuesin environments such as power generating turbine engines because oftheir relatively low strain-to-failure ratios compared to metallicmaterials. In addition, oxide-based ceramic composite materials do notexhibit good thermal shock resistance due to their rather high thermalexpansions and low thermal conductivities coupled with their relativelylow strain-to-failure. Without good thermal shock such ceramic compositematerials do not possess the reliability requirements for strenuous usein power generating equipment such as turbine engines.

One method of overcoming this problem has been to combine metals andceramics into an integral composite material. However, no methodcurrently exists to overcome the chemical and physical differencebetween metallic and ceramic matrix materials so that the two types ofmaterials can be combined together without exhibiting stress crackingcaused by the differences in thermal expansion between the twomaterials, which are promoted by rapid temperatures changes inherent ina turbine engine.

Problems with joining ceramic materials to metal materials arewell-known in the art. As discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,380 toErickson, et al., direct joining of ceramic materials to metallicmaterials has been limited to materials having small differences incoefficient of thermal expansions, unless an intermediate, compliantmaterial is placed between the metal and ceramic materials.

Macrocomposite metal matrix materials, or materials comprising metalmatrix composite materials bonded to a second material, such as ceramicor ceramic composite bodies, are also known in the art as set forth inU.S. Pat. No. 5,618,635. However, such macrocomposite materials haveonly been directed to metal matrix materials, in which a metal, such asaluminum, is infiltrated into a ceramic filler material or preform.

What is needed is a reliable, environmentally stable, lightweightstructural material, which is resistant to the high temperatures thatare present in engines, motors and generators. The material in suchcomponents should have the reliability, thermal and structuralproperties of metals in their useful temperature regime with theenvironmental and mechanical performance stability of ceramic matrixcomposites at elevated temperatures, particularly for turbine enginecomponents where temperatures are sufficiently high that both metals andceramics are required at the interface between the metals and theceramic composites. In addition, such a lightweight structural materialshould be able to be manufactured into engine components that can bereadily attached to other engine components using mechanical fasteningtechniques, such as bolts and the like.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a novel processing step for theproduction of an integral structural composite (ICS) material thatcomprises both metal and ceramic components and a method ofmanufacturing such an integral composite material.

The ICS material of the present invention is manufactured through theuse of a series of processing steps. First, a metal structure with opengeometric shapes punched or formed in the structure is provided. Theopen metal structure has from about 10 volume percent metal to about 90volume percent metal. Examples of the open metal structure include, butare not limited to were arranged such as in, wire mesh, perforated metalwith apertures selected from the group consisting of circular apertures,triangular apertures, rectangular apertures othermultidimensional-formed apertures, and combinations thereof; andexpanded metal performs in a variety of shapes. A ceramic precursormaterial containing ceramic fibers and a ceramic matrix consisting ofceramic powder material and binders, such as a ply of non-directionalprepregged ceramic composite material, is provided and then placed incontact with at least one side of the open metal structure such that theply covers at least a substantial amount of the at least one externalside of the open metal structure. The ceramic precursor material is thenlaminated against the at least one external side of the open metalstructure so that the ceramic precursor material enters the open poreswithin the metal structure and contacts at least a portion of the innersurfaces of the open metal structure. The metal and ceramic structurematerial is then sintered to 1110° F. (600° C.) to 2010° F. (1100° C.)in an oxidative environment to form a metal oxide layer on the at leastone external surface of the open metal structure and any inner surfacesof the open metal structure which are in contact with the ceramicprecursor material, so that ceramic material which is converted from theceramic precursor material bonds to the metal oxide. During thesintering process, at least one side of the open metal structure towhich the ceramic precursor material has been laminated must form asufficient amount of metal oxide so that the ceramic produced by theceramic precursor material chemically bonds to the metal oxide. Anerosion coat may be applied to the surface of the ceramic matrixcomposite layer.

The ICS material of the present invention comprises an open metalstructure having at least one external side and internal surfacesdefining a plurality of open shapes with a ceramic matrix compositebonded to at least one external side and the surfaces of at least asubstantial portion of the plurality of open shapes and occupying atleast a substantial portion of the plurality of open shapes. The openmetal structure, independent of the ceramic matrix composite, has atotal metal volume percent in the range of about 10% to about 90%, withno dimension of any open shape being greater than about ¾ inch. Theceramic matrix layer covers a substantial portion of at least oneexternal side of the open metal structure. At least one external side ofthe metal portion of the ICS material is bonded with a ceramic matrixcomposite such that the ceramic layer occupies at least a significantportion of the open pores of the metal portion and is bonded to asignificant portion of at least one external side of the metal element.

The ICS material of the present invention maintains the best propertiesof both its constituents, namely metal and ceramic matrix composites,while each constituent serves to offset the properties that limit theircapabilities or usage in high temperature environments with significantthermal cycling and stress. The metal portion provides excellentstrength within its useful temperature regime along with excellentthermal cycling capabilities and better strain resistance at highertemperatures, when compared to components consisting solely of ceramicmaterials. The ceramic portion provides excellent strength at highertemperatures, when compared to components comprising solely of metalelements, and provides environmental or over-temperature protection tothe metal. The metal element also provides crack arresting capabilitiesto the ceramic element of the ICS material, which increases reliability.Additionally, the metal element gives the ICS material good straincapabilities as well as excellent thermal cycling resistance performanceespecially when compared to materials consisting solely of ceramicmatrix composite materials. The ceramic matrix composite that is bondedto at least one external side of the open metal structure providesenvironmental or over-temperature protection to at least one externalside of the metal element.

An advantage of the present invention is that the ICS material providesgood strength at both low and high temperatures.

Another advantage of the present invention is that the ICS materialprovides good resistance to thermal cycling.

Another advantage of the present invention is that the ICS material canbe mechanically attached to other ICS and/or metal components, throughthe use of bolts and/or spacers, and welded to other ICS and/or metalcomponents.

Another advantage of the present inventions is that the ICS material isa better substrate for ceramic coatings and thermal barrier coatingssince the chemical and physical properties of such coatings are moresimilar to the ICS material than are substrates comprising solely metal.

Another advantage of the present invention is that cooling can beintroduced within the open metal structure by using metal tubes insteadof solid metal wire in the wire mesh open metal structure or byincorporating open channels inside the metal for the perforated metalstructure, attaching the open metal structure to a manifold, and thenflowing air or other suitable coolant through the inside of the openmetal structure.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparentfrom the following more detailed description of the preferredembodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings whichillustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a process flow chart illustrating the method of creating theICS material of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view perspective view of the integralcomposite structural material of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a flow chart of the method ofmanufacturing the ICS material of the present invention. The first step100 of the present invention is the provision an open metal (or metalalloy) structure having at least one external side and inner surfaceswhich define a plurality of open shapes, with total metal volume percentin the range of about 10% to about 90%, each open shape having nodimension that is greater than about ¾ inch. The open shapes of the openmetal structure must be open so that the shapes extend the entire waythrough the metal cross-section, such that the metal has continuousinner surfaces that define the shapes. The metal may be aluminum, carbonsteel, HSLA steel, stainless steel or iron-based, cobalt-based, ornickel-based superalloys, or combinations thereof. The open metalstructure may be in the form of a perforated sheet, wire mesh, expandedmetal or combinations thereof. If wire mesh is used for the open metalstructure, the size of such open metal structure can range from wirehaving a diameter of about 0.006 inch for high density mesh screens suchas those in the range of about 16 mesh to about 30 mesh to wire having adiameter of about 0.080 inch for lower density meshes as those in therange of about 2 to about 6 mesh. As used herein the term “mesh” refersto U.S. Sieve sizes. The wire can have a solid cross-section if the ICSmaterial is used for purely structural applications or tubular if usedfor cooling and structural application if a means for cooling isincorporated within the structure. In a preferred embodiment, the openmetal structure is a perforated sheet with a total metal volume percentof about 30% to about 80%. In another preferred embodiment, the openmetal structure is an expanded metal sheet with a total metal volumepercent of about 10% to about 50%. The open metal structure may bepre-oxidized to facilitate bonding between the ceramic precursormaterial and the open metal structure.

The next optional step of the process 110 is roughening the surfaceand/or removing any residual surface oxides of the at least one externalside of the open metal structure and the inner surfaces of the openmetal structure which define the shapes of the open metal structureunder the at least one external side where the ceramic matrix compositeis to be formed in order to facilitate the formation of an metal oxidelayer on such surfaces during the step of sintering 170. Such metaloxide layers permit the ceramic matrix composite to bond to the openmetal structure during the step of sintering 170. Preferably suchroughening and/or residual surface oxide removal would be performedusing sand blasting, pickling or shot peen as known in the art.

The next step of the process 120, is providing a layer, or a pluralityof layers, of ceramic matrix composite precursor material, referred toherein as “green ceramic” which can be sintered into a ceramic matrixcomposite material. The precursor material is referred to as “green”since it is relatively flexible, as opposed to ceramic matrix compositematerial, which is rather brittle. Such a green ceramic precursor layercan be a ply or a plurality of plies of prepregged non-directionalceramic precursor, which is referred to herein as “prepreg ceramicpaper”. The prepreg ceramic paper is produced by infiltrating a ceramicpaper with a ceramic slurry. The ceramic paper is a thin sheet ofnon-oriented chopped fibers comprising fibers selected from the groupconsisting of oxide fibers, silicon carbide fibers, glass fibers, andcombinations thereof. The oxide fibers may be, but are not limited to,proprietary fibers such as NEXTEL® 312 ceramic fibers or NEXTEL® 610ceramic fibers, which are well-known to those skilled in the art.NEXTEL® is a registered trademark of 3M of St. Paul, Minn. The siliconcarbide fibers may be, but are not limited to, proprietary fibers, suchas TYRANNO FIBER® silicon carbide fibers. TYRANNO FIBER® is a registeredtrademark of UBE Industries, Ltd. of Japan. The ceramic slurry comprisesceramic particles and plastic-like ceramic precursors. The slurry isdeposited into the paper at a prior time, as is well known in the art.Typical of the ceramic particles used for ceramic matrices are theoxides of elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Hf, Y,Zr, and combinations thereof. Such oxides include alumina, silica, ZrO₂(zirconia), HfO₂ (hafnia), 3Al₂O₃.2SiO₂ (mullite), Y₂O₃ (yttria),CaO.Al₂O₃ (calcia aluminate), various clays and combinations thereof.Such ceramic particle sizes are usually in the sub-micron range fortightly woven fibers but the particle size may be larger for moreloosely constructed ceramic papers or cloths. Typical of a ceramicmatrix precursor materials are vinylic polysilane, dimethly siloxane,polycarbosilanes, silicones and tetra ethyl ortho silicate, whichtransforms into silica upon sintering, hafnium oxychloride, whichtransforms into hafnia upon sintering, mono aluminum phosphate, whichtransforms into aluminum phosphate upon sintering, and aluminumisopropoxide, which transforms into alumina upon sintering along withother precursors that are known in the art. In a preferred embodiment,the green ceramic layer is a stacked plurality of plies of NEXTEL® 610ceramic paper, which comprises non-directional alumina fibers having adiameter in the range of about 10 μm to about 12 μm prepregged withslurry containing sub-micron Al₂O₃ particles, a silica-yieldingprecursor, and solvents which dissolve the precursor and control theviscosity of the slurry so that the slurry can infiltrate the ceramicpaper. The solvents used will depend upon the silica precursor actuallyselected, but only silica precursor may be used.

The next step of the process 130 is applying the green ceramic layer tothe surface of at least one external side of the open metal structure.The green ceramic layer is pressed onto at least one external side ofthe open metal structure and into the open shapes of the open metalstructure under the green ceramic layer by any convenient method. Thegreen ceramic layer may be pressed into at least one external side ofthe open metal structure by hand, by using a rolling press, bymechanical pressing or by autoclaving. The green ceramic layer may beplaced over the entire at least one external side of the open metalstructure or a substantial portion of the at least one external side ofthe open metal structure. In a preferred embodiment, a plurality ofplies of green ceramic are stacked together and pressed into the entiresurface of two opposing external sides of the open metal structure. Thenumber of plies is dependent upon the weight of the ceramic paper andthe thickness and open shape volume of the open metal structure. Thisdependency exists because the basic objective of fabricating an ICS isto push enough ceramic prepreg into the open volume of the open metalstructure to completely fill the openings and cover the open metalstructure. Higher weight ceramic papers yield a thicker ceramic prepregply, which results in higher ceramic prepreg volumes per ply. Therefore,a lower number of heavier ceramic weight papers are required thanlighter ceramic weight papers if the open metal structure remains thesame.

The next step of the process 140 is laminating the green ceramic layeronto at least one external side of the open metal structure and into theopen pores of the open metal structure beneath the green ceramic layerto form an ICS precursor material. Such lamination of a green ceramiclayer is well known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, thelamination is performed at a pressure of about 50 psi to about 600 psiand stabilized at a temperature of about 300° F. (150° C.).

The optional next step of the process 150 is providing at least oneadditional layer of open metal screen or a thin perforated metal sheetto be pressed or bonded into the green ceramic layer. The wire thicknessof the optional metal screen or perforated metal sheet must besufficiently thin so that the expansion of the optional metal screen orperforated metal sheet, with respect in the ceramic layer and underlyingopen metal layer does not cause cracks or tears to appear in the ICSmaterial during sintering or thermally cycling at higher temperatures.This optional open metallic structure may comprise aluminum, carbonsteel, high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels, stainless steels, oriron-based, cobalt-based, or nickel-based superalloys, or combinationsthereof. The perforated metal sheet is usually produced from softermetals such as soft steels or aluminum. If wire screen is used for theoptional metal screen, the size of such wire screen can have wirediameter in the range of about 0.006 inch to about 0.010 inch with ascreen size of about 16 mesh to about 30 mesh. If perforated metal sheetis used for the optional metal screen, the volume percent metal shouldbe low and range from about 10% to about 30%. As with the open metalstructure provided in step 100, the open metal screen has at least oneexternal side and inner surfaces that define a plurality of open shapes.The apertures of the open metal screen must be open so that the shapesextend the entire way through the metal, but the metal must becontinuous so that its surfaces clearly define the aperture shape. In apreferred embodiment, where a plurality of plies of green ceramic arelaminated into two sides of the open metal structure, two layers of anickel-based superalloy metal screen with wire having a diameter ofabout 0.006 inch and a sieve size of 18 mesh are provided.

The optional next step 160, where the optional open metal screen orperforated metal sheet has been provided, is to press the optional openmetal screen or perforated metal sheet into the laminated green ceramiclayer, such that at least one external side of the optional open metalscreen or perforated metal sheet is pressed into the laminated greenceramic layer, with the green ceramic layer being pressed into the shapeof the optional open metal screen or perforated metal sheet adjacent toat least one external side. At least one external side of optional openmetal screen or perforated metal sheet is preferably substantiallyparallel to at least one external side of the open metal structure towhich the green ceramic layer has been laminated. The optionalapplication step 160 may be performed at a temperature in the range offrom about 65° F. (20° C.) to about 300° F. (150° C.) and may beperformed by any application means known in the art, such as hand,mechanical press, or roller press. In a preferred embodiment, each oftwo layers of open nickel-based superalloy mesh is applied at roomtemperature by hand to each of two laminated stacked plies of greenceramic material positioned on two opposing sides of the opennickel-based superalloy structure. The optional open metallic structurefunctions as both an erosion surface to protect the underlying ceramiclayer from the hot corrosive environment of an engine and as a physicalbarrier to arrest crack development in the underlying ceramic layer.Additionally, the optional open metal screen or perforated metal sheetprovides an excellent surface for applying additional ceramic plies orother ceramic coatings.

The next step of the process 170 is the sintering the ICS precursormaterial in an oxidative environment to transform the green ceramicmaterial into a ceramic matrix composite material. The ICS precursormaterial is sintered at a temperature in the range of about 600° C. toabout 1100° C. (1100° F.-2000° F.) for a time in the range of about 1hour to about 8 hours. During the sintering process, at least oneexternal side of the open metal structure to which the ceramic precursormaterial has been laminated and the inner surfaces of the open metalstructure beneath at least one external side which define the apertureshape must form a sufficient amount of metal oxide so that the ceramicproduced by the ceramic precursor material chemically bonds to the openmetal structure. Optionally, where the optional metal screen has beenpressed into the green ceramic layer, at least one external side of theopen metal mesh which has been pressed into the green ceramic layer andthe inner surfaces of the open metal screen adjacent to at least oneexternal side which define the shape must form a sufficient amount ofmetal oxide so that the ceramic produced by the ceramic precursormaterial chemically bonds to the open metal screen. In a preferredembodiment, where there are two layers of green ceramic plies laminatedinto two substantially opposed external surfaces of an open metalstructure, and a layer of open metal mesh have been pressed into each ofthe stacked plies of the green ceramic plies, the step of sintering 170will form a substantially continuous ceramic matrix composite such thatall three metal elements are bonded to the substantially continuousceramic matrix composite. Once the ICS precursor material is sintered,it becomes ICS material.

The optional next step of the process 180 is the application ofspecialized coatings or ceramic composite plies to the sintered ICSmaterial. Examples of these specialized coating include, but are notlimited to, coatings such as thermal barrier coatings such as yttriumstabilized zirconia (YSZ) or zirconia (ZrO₂) applied by either flamespray or plasma spray, erosion coatings such as zirconia silicatesapplied by either flame spray or plasma spray, or other heat orelectromagnetic coatings applied by any functional method known in theart. Additionally, a ceramic composite prepreg cloth ply can be bondedto the outside surface to provide improve stiffness and environmentalprotection to the ICS. In a preferred embodiment, no specialized coatingor ceramic composite prepreg ply is applied to the surface of thesintered ceramic material.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a cross-sectional view of the ICS material 10of the present invention can be seen. The ICS material comprises an openmetal structure 20, which comprises a metal framework 30 and a pluralityof open shapes 40 within the metal framework. Ceramic matrix compositematerial 50 is located within at least a substantial number and withinat least a portion of the plurality of open shapes 40 and is bonded tothe metal framework 30. The total metal volume percent of the metalframework is in the range of about 10% to about 90%, each open shapehaving no dimension that is greater than about ¾ inch. The metalstructure 20 may be in the form of perforated metal or metal wire mesh.If wire mesh is used for the open metal structure, the size of such openmetal structure can range from about 0.006 inch diameter wire for highmesh screens such as those for about 16 mesh to about 30 mesh and fromabout 0.080 inch diameter for lower meshes as those for about 2 to about6 mesh. The metal framework comprises carbon steel, HSLA steel,stainless steel, aluminum, nickel-based superalloys, iron-basedsuperalloys, cobalt-based superalloys and combinations thereof. Theceramic paper is comprised of oxide fibers, such as NEXTEL® 312 ceramicfibers of NEXTEL® 610 ceramic fibers, silicon carbide fibers, such asTYRANNO FIBER®, glass fibers or combinations thereof. The ceramic matrixbetween the fibers comprises alumina, silica, zirconia, hafnia, aluminasilicate, yttria, calcia aluminate, various clays, and combinationsthereof. A layer of ceramic matrix composite 50 also covers at least asubstantial portion of at least one external side of the open metalstructure 20. In a preferred embodiment, the open metal structure 20 is4 mesh nickel-based superalloy wire mesh with wire having a diameter ofabout 0.043 inch, the ceramic matrix composite 50 comprisesnon-directional chopped alumina fibers in an aluminosilicate matrix, andthe ceramic matrix composite is located within all of the shapes 40 andis also bonded to substantially all of both external surfaces onopposite sides of the open metal structure.

In an optional embodiment, in addition to being bonded to the open metalstructure 20 the ceramic matrix composite 50 is also bonded to at leastone metal screen or thin perforated metal sheet layer comprisingaluminum, carbon steel, or iron-based, cobalt-based, or nickel-basedsuperalloys, or combinations thereof. The optional metal screencomprises an open metal mesh structure, which comprises a metal screenframework and a plurality of openings within the metal framework.Ceramic matrix composite material 50 is located within at least asubstantial number and within at least a portion of each of theplurality of open screen and is bonded to the metal screen framework.The ceramic matrix composite is also bonded to at least a substantialportion of one external side of the metal screen framework. The ceramicmatrix composite is bonded to the optional metal screen such that atleast one external side of the optional metal mesh to which the ceramicmatrix composite is bonded faces at least one external side of the openmetal structure 20. At least one external side of the optional metalscreen to which the ceramic matrix composite is bonded is preferablysubstantially parallel to at least one external side of the open metalstructure to which the ceramic matrix composite is bonded. The thermalcoefficient of expansion of the material comprising the optional metalscreen is selected such that it is within a range such that theexpansion of the optional metal mesh does not cause cracks or tears toappear in the ICS material during thermal cycling at highertemperatures. If wire screen is used for the optional metal screen, thesize of such wire screen can range from having wire with a diameter inthe range of about 0.006 inch to about 0.010 inch with a screen size inthe range of about 16 mesh to about 30 mesh. If perforated metal sheetis used for the optional metal screen, the volume percent metal shouldbe low and in the range of about 10% to about 30%. The form of theshapes of the open metal screen must be open so that the shape extendsthe entire way through the metal, such that the metal has continuousinner surfaces that define the shapes. The optional metal screen alsofunctions as an erosion coat, so that when the optional metal screen isbonded to the ceramic matrix composite 50, no optional erosion coat isrequired.

In a preferred embodiment, ceramic matrix composite 50 is bonded to bothsides of a thin perforated open metal structure 20, as well assubstantially all of the internal surfaces of the metal framework 30which define the openings. A layer of metal mesh having two externalsides bonded to the ceramic matrix composite in such a manner that atleast one of the external sides of the metal mesh and the external sidesof the open metal structure 20 are substantially parallel. In addition,the ceramic matrix composite is only bonded to one side of each optionalmetal mesh element, is bonded to substantially all of the metalframework of the metal mesh elements which define the metal meshopenings, and occupies substantially all of the metal mesh openingswithout extending substantially beyond the external surface of the metalmesh elements to which the ceramic matrix composite is not bonded.

Engine components comprised of the ICS material of the present inventionhave several benefits over other structural materials for use in thehigh temperature and corrosive environments of turbine engines than doelements composed solely of ceramic matrix composites or metals. The ICSmaterial of the present invention combines the structural strength ofmetals in its useful temperature regime with the structural strength ofceramics and thermal shock resistance of metals at high temperatures. Inaddition, the ICS material of the present invention does not have theweaknesses of metals at high temperatures, namely the rapid reduction inmodulus of elasticity experienced at high temperatures and thepropensity of ceramic matrix composite materials to crack during thermalcycling at higher temperatures. During normal engine operation, enginecomponents experience a significant amount of thermal cycling. Duringsuch thermal cycling, ceramic matrix composites tend to develop cracksas the reinforcing fibers in the ceramic matrix composite expand at adifferent rate than the ceramic matrix surrounding the fibers, theresulting thermal stresses exceeding the ultimate tensile stress of thematrix, resulting in cracks or fissures. Often, such cracks readilypropagate through the ceramic matrix composite causing failure duringengine operation. While the ICS material of the present invention cannotprevent cracks from forming in the ceramic matrix composite 50 bondedwithin the openings 40 of the open metal structure 20, such cracks willnot propagate into the metal, since metal is inherently resistant tosuch crack development, and arrests the crack formed in the ceramicmatrix or into the ceramic matrix composite material 50 located withinthe other openings 40 of the open metal structure 20.

In addition to arresting crack propagation, in particular, continuouscrack propagation within the ceramic matrix composite material 50, thepresent invention provides a way to tell whether the ICS material isnearing a point of failure. With engine components composed solely ofceramic matrix composite materials, little creep deformation occursprior to failure of the component typically less than 0.5%. However,metal components typically show a significant amount of creepdeformation prior to component failure. Components manufactured from theICS material of the present invention can elongate over about 2 percentto about 2.5 percent prior due to creep prior to failure. Suchelongation is a readily apparent sign that a component comprised of theICS material of the present invention is nearing failure.

In addition to providing operational benefits, the ICS material alsoprovides an additional benefit of being able to be easily fastened to ametal component or an ICS component. Since the ICS material of thepresent invention comprises an open metal structure, the ICS materialcan be mechanically fastened, such as by bolting, spacers can be used,and the ICS material can be welded to other metal components or ICScomponents. With components composed of ceramic matrix composites,bolting generally results in large cracks in the ceramic matrixcomposite material and welding is impossible due to the lack of metal inceramic matrix composites.

In another embodiment of the present invention specialized coatings areapplied to the outside surface of the ICS to enhance the performance ofthe component. These coatings include: (1) thermal barrier coatings toincrease the thermal durability and temperature capabilities of the ICS;(2) erosion and wear coatings to increase the mechanical andenvironmental durability; and (3) other heat or electromagnetic coatingsto limit thermal and electromagnetic reflections.

EXAMPLE 1

In an investigation leading up to this invention, an ICS material wasformed using a thin sheet of aluminum metal perforated sheet with evenlyspaced apertures, the sheet having a total porosity of about 25%. Thealuminum perforated sheet was sandwiched between one ply of NEXTEL® 312paper, which is a well known proprietary ceramic comprisingnon-directional alumina-silica-boria fibers, which was previouslyprepregged with an aluminosilicate-yielding matrix, laminated at apressure of about 200 psi, at a temperature of about 300° F. (150° C.)for a time of about 30 minutes, and was then sintered at a temperatureof about 1100° F. (590° C.) for a time of 4 hours. A static load wasapplied to a 1-inch wide aluminum ICS specimen as well as to 4 stacked 1inch wide perforated aluminum plates, such that the thickness of the 4stacked plates was substantially equal to the thickness of the aluminumICS specimen. The static load was applied normal to the 1-inch width ofthe ICS specimen. The specimens were placed in a furnace under the loadand gradually heated until 2% deformation in the specimen was obtained.The aluminum ICS had a thermal load carrying capacity about 285° F.(140° C.) greater than the 4 stacked perforated aluminum sheets.

EXAMPLE 2

In an investigation leading up to this invention, an ICS material wasformed using a #3 mesh carbon steel wire mesh having a wire diameter ofabout 0.080 inch. The steel mesh was sandwiched between 6 plies ofNEXTEL® 610 paper, which is a well known proprietary ceramic comprisingnon-directional alumina, which was previously prepregged with analuminosilicate-yielding matrix, laminated at a pressure of about 200psi, at a temperature of about 300° F. (150° C.) for a time of about 30minutes, and was then sintered at a temperature of about 1650° F. (900°C.) for a time of about 4 hours. Three plies of the NEXTEL® 610 paperwere placed on opposite sides of the mesh. A thermal cycling test wasperformed on the ICS material and excellent thermal cycling resistancewas shown above about 2200° F. (1205° C.). The thermal cycling testconsisted of inserting about ¾ inch of an edge of the ICS specimenthrough a slot in a heated furnace, letting the specimen soak for a timegreater than about 2 minutes and then quickly removing the ICS specimenand blowing room temperature air on the edge. Some cracking was observedin the ceramic matrix composite after a thermal cycle test at about2200° F. (1205° C.), but the cracks in the ceramic matrix composite didnot extend beyond the wire in the wire mesh.

While the invention has been described with reference to a preferredembodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art thatvarious changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted forelements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. Inaddition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situationor material to the teachings of the invention without departing from theessential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the inventionnot be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best modecontemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the inventionwill include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appendedclaims.

1. An integral composite structural material comprising: an open metalstructure having inner surfaces of metal defining a plurality ofapertures and at least one external side, said metal structure beingselected from the group consisting of aluminum, HSLA steel, stainlesssteel, carbon steel, nickel-based superalloys, iron-based superalloys,and cobalt-based superalloys, said apertures having a geometry such thatno dimension of said pores is greater than about ¾ inch, wherein thetotal metal volume percent, exclusive of ceramic matrix compositematerial, is in the range of about 10% to about 90%; and ceramic matrixcomposite material laminated to the open metal structure so that thecomposite material is disposed within a substantial portion of saidapertures occupying a substantial volume of aperture space between themetal surfaces, said ceramic composite material being bonded to asubstantial portion of the at least one external side and said innersurfaces of said metal, said ceramic matrix composite comprising ceramicfibers and ceramic matrix material, said ceramic fibers being selectedfrom the group consisting of alumina, silica, boric oxide, siliconcarbide, glass and combinations thereof, said ceramic matrix materialbeing selected from the group consisting of zirconia, hafnia, aluminasilicate, yttria, calcia aluminate, clay, and combinations thereof. 2.The composite material of claim 1, wherein composite material furthercomprises a second open metal structure applied to the laminated ceramicmatrix composite material opposite to the open metal structure.
 3. Thecomposite material of claim 1, wherein the open metal structure isselected from the group consisting of a perforated sheet, wire, wiremesh, expanded metal, and combinations thereof.
 4. The compositematerial of claim 2, wherein each open metal structure is selected fromthe group consisting of a perforated sheet, wire, wire mesh, expandedmetal, and combinations thereof.
 5. The composite material of claim 3,wherein the open metal structure is wire mesh having a density in therange of about 2 to about 6 mesh.
 6. The composite material of claim 2,wherein the first open metal structure is wire mesh having a density inthe range of about 2 to about 6 mesh and wherein the second open metalstructure is wire mesh screen having a density in the range of about 16mesh to about 30 mesh.
 7. The composite material of claim 1, wherein theopen metal structure is a perforated sheet with total metal volumepercent, exclusive of ceramic matrix composite material, is in the rangeof about 30% to about 80%.
 8. The composite material of claim 1, whereinthe open metal structure is an expanded metal sheet with total metalvolume percent, exclusive of ceramic matrix composite material, is inthe range of about 10% to about 50%.
 9. The composite material of claim1, wherein the open metal structure has two opposed external sides andwherein ceramic matrix material is laminated and bonded to the twoexternal sides.
 10. The composite material of claim 3, wherein the openmetal structure has two opposed external sides and wherein ceramicmatrix material is laminated and bonded to the two external sides. 11.The composite material of claim 1, wherein the integral compositestructural material further comprises a coating selected from the groupconsisting of yttrium stabilized zirconia and zirconia applied over theat least one external side after the ceramic matrix composite has beenlaminated to it.
 12. A method of manufacturing an integral compositestructural material comprising the steps of: providing an open metalstructure having inner surfaces of metal defining a plurality ofapertures and at least one external side, said metal structure beingselected from the group consisting of aluminum, HSLA steel, stainlesssteel, carbon steel, nickel-based superalloys, iron-based superalloys,and cobalt-based superalloys, said apertures having a geometry such thatno dimension of said pores is greater than about ¾ inch, wherein thewith total metal volume percent, exclusive of ceramic matrix compositematerial, is in the range of about 10% to about 90%; providing a layerof ceramic matrix composite precursor material; applying the layer ofceramic matrix composite precursor material to the surface of the atleast one external side of the open metal structure; laminating theceramic matrix composite precursor material onto the surface of the atleast one external side of the open metal structure to form an integralcomposite structural precursor material; sintering the ceramic matrixcomposite precursor material in an oxidative environment at atemperature in the range of about 600° C. to about 1100° C. to transformthe ceramic matrix composite precursor material into a ceramic matrixcomposite material, which transforms the integral composite structuralprecursor material into an integral structural composite material. 13.The method of manufacturing an integral composite structural material ofclaim 12 wherein the open metal structure has been pre-oxidized.
 14. Themethod of manufacturing an integral composite structural material ofclaim 12 further comprising an additional step, prior to the step ofapplying, of roughening the surface of at least one external side of theopen metal structure and the inner surfaces of the open metal structure,removing any residual surface oxides from at least one external side ofthe open metal structure and the inner surfaces of the open metalstructure, and combinations thereof.
 15. The method of manufacturing anintegral composite structural material of claim 12, further comprisingan additional steps, prior to the step of step of sintering of:providing at least one additional open metal structure selected from thegroup consisting of an open metal screen and a perforated metal sheet,wherein the open metal screen has wire with a diameter in the range ofabout 0.0006 inch to about 0.0010 inch, and wherein the screen size isin the range of about 16 mesh to about 30 mesh, and wherein theperforated metal sheet has a volume percent in the range of about 10percent to about 30 percent; and pressing the at least one additionalopen metal structure into the laminated ceramic matrix compositeprecursor material.
 16. The method of method of manufacturing anintegral composite structural material of claim 12, further comprisingthe additional step of bonding a ceramic composite cloth plypre-impregnated with a matrix precursor to the integral compositestructural material after the step of sintering.
 17. The method ofmethod of manufacturing an integral composite structural material ofclaim 12, further comprising the additional step of applying a coatingto the integral composite structural material, the coating beingselected from the group consisting of yttrium stabilized zirconia andzirconia, the coating being applied by a method selected from the groupconsisting of flame spray and plasma spray.
 18. The method of method ofmanufacturing an integral composite structural material of claim 13further comprising the additional step of applying a coating to theintegral composite structural material, the coating being selected fromthe group consisting of yttrium stabilized zirconia and zirconia, thecoating being applied by a method selected from the group consisting offlame spray and plasma spray.
 19. The method of method of manufacturingan integral composite structural material of claim 14 further comprisingthe additional step of applying a coating to the integral compositestructural material, the coating being selected from the groupconsisting of yttrium stabilized zirconia and zirconia, the coatingbeing applied by a method selected from the group consisting of flamespray and plasma spray.
 20. The method of method of manufacturing anintegral composite structural material of claim 15 further comprisingthe additional step of applying a coating to the integral compositestructural material, the coating being selected from the groupconsisting of yttrium stabilized zirconia and zirconia, the coatingbeing applied by a method selected from the group consisting of flamespray and plasma spray.